A
Review of Scientific Literature Supporting
the Detoxification Method Developed by L.
Ron Hubbard.
Compiled
August, 1991 by the Foundation for Advancements
in Science and Education.
Table
of Contents - click on a table item to go
to that section.
I.
Contamination with Synthetic Chemicals
II.
Reduction of Bioaccumulated Compounds
III.
The Detoxification Program Developed by
L. Ron Hubbard
IV.
Studies Regarding the Detoxification Program
V.
Summary
References
I.
Contamination with Synthetic Chemicals
Human exposure
to toxic chemicals has dramatically increased
in the last century. Millions of compounds
have been formulated and some 50,000 are
now in commercial use. The environmental
persistence of many of these compounds is
cause for concern, In addition, many of
these synthetic compounds accumulate in
biological organisms ("bioaccumulation"),
storing in bone, fat, or another compartment
of the body.
Hundreds
of these compounds are found in U.S. citizens,
with many present in each of us (1). In
addition to commercial compounds, many drugs
-- both pharmaceutical and so-called recreational
-- can remain in the body for an extended
time. Drugs such as LSD (2, 3), PCP (4),
cocaine (5), marijuana (6) and diazepam
(7) are found in fat. These drugs can be
retained for extended periods, especially
under conditions of chronic use (5,8-11).
Adverse health
effects have been shown for some of these
compounds. Health effects from most compounds
have not, however, been studied in detail.
Further, the health effects from combinations
of chemicals are unknown. It is clearly
preferable to have low levels of foreign
compounds rather than high.
II.
Reduction of Bioaccumulated Compounds
While we
still do not fully understand the bio-active
mechanisms or the kinetics of many toxic
substances, physicians have known for centuries
that health problems can ensue as a result
of accumulations of xenobiotics (foreign
chemicals) and have looked for ways to safely
and effectively reduce body burdens.
Ramazzini,
in his 1713 work, Diseases of
Workers, notes that writers of works
on poisons at that time "advise, in general,
remedies that have the power of setting
the spirits and blood mass in motion and
of provoking sweat" (12), a recommendation
which aligns well with current knowledge
of the kinetics and metabolism of foreign
compounds.
Approaches
to handling bioaccumulation of harmful chemicals
depend on increasing the rate of removal
of these compounds. This is accomplished
by either altering the compound to a non-toxic
form or by enhancing the rate of elimination.
This philosophy
has been applied in many ways. In acute
poisoning, purging is a key means of removing
the toxic compound before adverse effects
arise. For this reason, a strong purgative
is included in the highly toxic pesticide,
paraquat.
Ingestion
of compounds known to bind to the contaminating
compound has been used in some cases. This
increases the rate of removal of the toxic
compound because it cannot be reabsorbed
as it passes through the intestine. In this
manner, cholestyramine was successfully
used to reduce levels of Kepone (13), and
Prussian blue was used to reduce levels
of radioactive Cesium (14).
A fasting
technique has been used to enhance the mobilization
of fat-stored compounds. This approach resulted
in improved symptoms in 16 PCB-exposed Taiwanese
patients (15), although the levels of PCBs
in the blood of these patients increased.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate
(EDTA) has been used for many years in the
treatment of lead toxicity. EDTA binds to
lead and other compounds in the blood, the
resultant complex then being eliminated.
(16,17)
Reduction
of fat-stored chemicals must be aimed at
mobilizing chemicals from fat stores, distributing
the mobilized chemical to routes of elimination,
and increasing the rate at which these routes
are utilized. This is the design behind
the detoxification procedure developed by
Hubbard.
III.
The Detoxification Program Developed by
L. Ron Hubbard
This program
was designed to mobilize and enhance the
elimination of fat-stored xenobiotics. Hubbard's
program was specifically developed to reduce
levels of drug residues but has proven to
be applicable to the reduction of other
fat-stored compounds.
The program
has gained widespread support due to its
effectiveness and the fact that it is well
supported by the medical literature. Each
component of the program is in alignment
with current research on the mobilization
of fat stores and the facilitation of toxin
elimination. The components of this program
are:
A.
Exercise:
Fat is stored
throughout the body, with significant deposits
not only in adipose tissue but in cellular
reserves, membranes, etc. Exercise is aimed
at both promoting deep circulation in the
tissues and enhancing the turnover of fats.
Numerous
studies have shown that exercise promotes
the circulation of blood to tissues (18)
and also promotes mobilization of lipid
from storage depots
(19-24).
Mobilization of fat stores is accompanied
by mobilization of the toxins stored in
the fatty tissue (25-27).
B.
Sauna:
Mobilization
of chemicals is not desirable if routes
of elimination are not enhanced. Chemicals
are excreted through many routes including
feces, urine, sweat, sebum, and lung vapor.
The purposes
of the sauna aspect of this program are
two-fold. Heat stress is a means of increasing
circulation (28) and of enhancing the elimination
of compounds through both sweat and sebum.
It is documented that methadone (29), amphetamines
(30), methamphetamines and morphine (31),
copper (32), mercury (33), additional metals
(34) and other compounds appear in human
sweat. Enhancement of this elimination route
is a key purpose of the sauna aspect of
this program.
In addition
to an increase in sweat production, increased
body temperature results in heightened production
of sebum, the material produced by the skin's
sebaceous glands (35). In patients exhibiting
"chloracne", a specific skin disorder caused
by chemical exposure, the causative compounds
may be detected both in adipose tissue and
in sebum of the skin (36).
Though not
a major route of elimination for polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), PCBs may be found in sebum
of exposed individuals (37). Both the concentration
of PCBs and the quantity of sebum produced
have been shown to increase during the detoxification
program developed by Hubbard (38).
C.
Supplements:
Niacin
Effects of
specific vitamins are utilized as well.
Niacin has a long-term effect of reducing
the mobilization of fatty acids (39). However,
the initial reduction in mobilized fatty
acids following a single dose is followed
by a transitory increase in free fatty acid
mobilization (40,41).
Mobilization
of free fatty acids by other mechanisms
has been shown to result in concurrent mobilization
of the fat-stored chemicals (26,27). This
also appears to occur during this detoxification
program. The increased turnover of fat results
in mobilization of fat-stored chemicals
and the opportunity to eliminate them from
the body.
Polyunsaturated
Oils
One means
of excretion of chemicals is through the
bile. However, such bile excretion results
in elevated levels of chemicals in the intestine,
providing an opportunity for reabsorption
of these compounds (42,43).
It has been
known for many years that addition of unsaturated
oils to the diet can increase the excretion
rate of certain compounds. This is due either
to blocking the reabsorption of the chemical
or to altering the rate at which the compound
is excreted (45).
Supplementation
with unsaturated fats also affects the content
of the stored adipose tissue (45). Apparently,
as the stored fats are mobilized and re-stored,
the dietary supplements replace some of
the mobilized fats so that an exchange is
effected.
Vitamin
Supplementation
Vitamin and
mineral supplementation is included for
several reasons. Replacement of vitamins
and minerals lost through sweating is one
reason. Correction of any deficiencies is
necessary as well.
Extensive
sweating is a component of this program.
As significant levels of vitamins and minerals
appear in sweat, their loss through sweating
could create deficiencies were they not
replaced.
Deficiencies
may already be present. Specific vitamin,
mineral and amino acid deficiencies are
known consequences of alcohol and drug abuse,
due either to poor nutrition or to the action
of the drugs themselves (46-48). PCB poisoning
in animals has been shown to result in a
significant decrease of vitamin A in the
liver and serum (49,50).
Further,
research in animals has demonstrated that
vitamin deficiencies retard the metabolism
of drugs (51). Changes in nutrient levels,
with consequent adverse effects on metabolism,
may occur with other chemicals as well.
Supplementation
with vitamins is anticipated to assist the
individual in several ways. Such supplementation
will certainly assist in correction of nutritional
deficiencies. It might also be expected
to aid in the metabolism of chemicals.
D.
Sufficient liquids to offset the loss of
body fluids through sweating:
This is a
logical necessity during any extended period
of sweating. In addition to liquid supplementation,
sodium, potassium, calcium-magnesium solution
and cell salts are taken on an individual
basis. Patients undergoing this detoxification
program are monitored to ensure signs of
heat exhaustion or salt depletion do not
appear.
E.
Regular diet supplemented with plenty of
fresh vegetables:
This program
is not a dietary program. The only change
in diet required by patients on this program
is that they eat plenty of fresh vegetables.
This ensures that bowel movements remain
regular.
F.
A properly ordered personal schedule which
provides the person with the normally required
amount of sleep:
The detoxification
program is intensive. The mobilization and
elimination of stored chemicals can put
a stress on the individual's body. Therefore,
it is imperative that individuals ensure
that they are well-rested during the program.
IV.
Studies Regarding the Detoxification Program
Developed by L. Ron Hubbard
A.
Safety of the Program
An initial
study of 103 individuals demonstrated the
safety of this program. Medical complications
associated with the program occurred in
less than 3% of the individuals and were
minor in nature. There was one case of pneumonia,
one of ear infection, and one case of diarrhea
during the approximately 3 weeks of program
delivery. Reductions in blood pressure and
cholesterol were benefits of the program.
The program also resulted in improvements
in psychological test scores. (52)
This program
is designed to mobilize and eliminate fat-stored
chemicals. During any such program in which
xenobiotics are deliberately mobilized from
fat stores, it is important that elimination
keep pace with this mobilization process.
Otherwise it is possible that mobilization
will result in heightened blood concentrations
of the mobilized compounds.
Blood levels
of chemicals were monitored in a study of
electrical workers conducted by Schnare
& Robinson (53). They showed that blood
levels of both PCBs and pesticides were
fairly consistent over the course of treatment.
Thus, elimination of compounds appeared
to keep pace with their mobilization during
this study.
B.
Results of Detoxification
The detoxification
method developed by Hubbard has been shown
to reduce levels of several fat-stored chemicals.
Studies of this method have focused on individuals
who have accumulated fat-soluble compounds
through either occupational or environmental
exposure.
In 1983,
Roehm reported reductions in DDE and PCBs
and clearing of symptoms in a Vietnam vet
with a range of symptoms (54).
A 1984 study
demonstrated statistically significant reductions
of from 10.1 to 65.9 percent for sixteen
fat-stored compounds. The compounds tested
included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and chlorinated
pesticides. The study population had been
specifically exposed to PBBs approximately
10 years prior to treatment. Reductions
in
PBBs were
58.7 percent (p<0.O5) when treated with
Hubbard's method. (55) According to independent
evaluation, the chemical levels for PBBs
had not reduced during the five years prior
to treatment (56).
In a controlled
study, electrical workers exposed to hexachlorobenzene
(HCB), PCBs and other compounds, were treated
with the Hubbard method. Statistically significant
reductions of 30% for HCB and 16% for PCBs
were observed. These reductions were stable
at follow-up observations 3 months subsequent
to treatment (53).
Further documentation
of PCB reduction was reported in the case
of a female factory worker from Yugoslavia.
Her excessive PCB levels (102 mg/Kg in adipose
and 512 ug/L in serum approximately 50 times
higher than the general population) were
reduced by 63% in adipose and 49% in serum
following treatment. In addition, a spontaneous
breast discharge containing PCBs ceased
during treatment. This woman's symptoms
also improved over the course of treatment.
(38)
Improvements
in this woman led to a controlled study
of a group of male co-workers. Again, reductions
in PCB levels were observed and improvements
in symptoms noted for the group treated
with the method developed by Hubbard . (57,58)
As the number
of toxic chemicals in the workplace increases,
it is sometimes difficult to identify the
exact nature of a toxicant. Such was the
case for a woman exposed to both the residues
trapped in filters from the exhaust stacks
of an oil-fired electrical generator and
the contaminated water used to clean these
filters. She became ill following 6 months
of such exposure and was unable to work.
During treatment with Hubbard's method a
black substance began oozing from her pores.
This abated late in treatment. Both her
objective and subjective complaints were
reduced following treatment and she was
able to return to work. (59)
Firefighters
are often exposed to toxic compounds in
the course of their work. Such was the case
for a group of firefighters responding to
a fire involving transformers filled with
PCBs. Several of these men became ill following
the fire.
Neurophysiological
and neuro-psychological tests were conducted
on 14 of these firefighters 6 months after
the fire. This battery of 22 tests demonstrated
that the firefighters who had been involved
with the fire were significantly impaired
in both memory and cognitive functions when
compared to coworkers from the same department
who had not participated in fighting this
fire. (Scores for 13 of the 22 tests were
significantly worse in the exposed firefighters.)
Following
treatment with the detoxification method
developed by Hubbard, significant improvements
in 6 of the 13 tests originally showing
impairment were noted. (60)
These firefighters
were also tested for peripheral nerve damage.
Five of the seventeen firefighters tested
showed significant peripheral neuropathy.
All showed improvement following treatment
with Hubbard's method, with two of the five
returning to normal range. (61)
Many people
have experienced adverse health effects
after exposure to compounds whose identity
is unknown. The detoxification program has
been shown effective in alleviating symptoms
in such patients. In one study, the selected
patient population reported symptom profiles
prior to treatment that were in alignment
with chemically exposed individuals reported
by other authors (not statistically different).
Following treatment, their symptom profiles
had improved significantly and were now
not significantly different from a healthy
population. (62)
V.
Summary
This body
of peer-reviewed literature substantiates
the effectiveness of Hubbard's program in
reducing levels of foreign compounds stored
in fat and in improving the symptom profiles
of chemically exposed individuals. Health
benefits of this program are not limited
to symptomatic improvements. In the case
of documented impairments in neurological
function, these impairments were shown by
two independent approaches to be significantly
improved by detoxification treatment.
This program
has proven to be a safe and effective addition
to clinical practice. As the quantity and
variety of chemicals employed in our society
increase, it can be expected that this program
will become increasingly relevant.
REFERENCES
1. Stanley
JS (1986) Broad Scan Analysis of Human
Adipose Tissue; Volume 1: Executive Summary
EPA 560/5-86-035
2. Axelrod
J, Brady RO, Witkop B and Evarts EV (1957)
The distribution and metabolism of lysergic
acid diethylamide. Ann NY Acad Sci 66:435-444
3. Stolman
A (1974) The absorption, distribution, and
excretion of drugs and poisons and their
metabolites. ln:.Progress in Chem Tox,
Vol. 5, A Stolman, ed., Academic Press,
pp 1-99
4. James
SH and Schnoll SH (1976) Phencyclidine:
Tissue distribution in the rat. Clin
Tox 9:573-582
5. Nayak
PK, Misra AL and Mule SJ (1976) Physiological
disposition and biotransformation of [3H]cocaine
in acutely and chronically treated rats.
J Pharmacol & Exper Ther 196:556-569
6. Rodger
L Foltz, Ph.D., Personal communication
7. Friedman
H, Ochs HR. Greenblatt DJ and Shader RI
(1985) Tissue distribution of diazepam and
its metabolite desmethyldiazepam: A human
autopsy study. J Clin Pharmacol 25:613-615
8. Dackis
CA, Pottash ALC, Annitto W and Gold MS (1982)
Persistence of urinary marijuana levels
after supervised abstinence. Am J Psychiatry.139:1196-1198
9. Martin
BR (1982) Long-term disposition of phencyclidine
In mice. Drug Metabolism and Disposition
10:189-193
10. Weiss
RD (1988) Protracted elimination of cocaine
metabolites In long-term, high-dose cocaine
abusers. Amer J Med 85:879-880
11 Cone EJ
and Weddington Jr. WW (1989) Prolonged occurrence
of cocaine in human saliva and urine after
chronic use. J Analytical Toxicol 13:65-68
12. Ramazzini,
B (1713) Diseases of Workers, New
York Academy of Medicine, History of Medicine
Series, Vol. 23, Hafner Publishing Co.,
New York, 1964
13. Guzelian
PS (1982) Chlordecone poisoning: A case
study in approaches of detoxification of
humans exposed to environmental chemicals.
Drug Metab Reviews13:663-679
14. Ricks
A et al. (1989) The Radiological Accident
In Golania, Unipub Publications, Lanham,
MD. (Reported by Hixson JR in Medical
Tribune, Thursday, September 22, 1988)
15. Imamura
M, Tung T-C (1984) A trial of fasting cure
for PCB poisoned patients in Taiwan. Am
J Ind Med 5:147-153
16. Chisolm
Jr. JJ (1968) The use of chelating agents
in the treatment of acute and chronic lead
intoxication In childhood. J Pediatrics
73:1-38
17. Wedeen
RP, Batuman V and Landy E (1983) The safety
of the EDTA lead-mobilization test. Env
Research 30:58-62
18. Bulow
J (1983) Adipose tissue blood flow during
exercise. Danish Medical Bulletin
30(2)
:85-100
19. Frledberg
SJ, Harlan Jr. WR, Trout DL. Estes Jr. EH
(1960) The effect of exercise on the concentration
and turnover of plasma nonesterified fatty
acids. J Clin Invest 39:215
20. Carlson
LA and Pernow B (1961) Studies on blood
lipids during exercise. J Lab and Clin
Med 58:673-681
21. Friedberg
SJ, Sher PB, Bogdonoff MD and Estes Jr.
EH (1963) The dynamics of plasma free fatty
acid metabolism during exercise. J Lipid
Research 4:34-38
22. Horstman
D, Mendez J, Buskirk ER, Boileau R and Nicholas
WS (1971) Lipid metabolism during heavy
and moderate exercise. Med and Sci in
Sports .3:18-23
23. Taylor
AW, Shoemann OW, Lovlin R and Lee S (1971)
Plasma free fatty acid mobilizatlon with
graded exercise. J Sports Med 11:234-240
24. Wirth
A. Schlierf G and Schetler G (1979) Physical
activity and lipid metabolism. Klin Wochenshri
57:1195
25. Findlay
GM and de Freitas ASW (1971) DDT movement
from adipocyte to muscle cell during lipid
utilization. Nature 229:63
26. de Freitas
AS and Norstrom RJ (1974) Turnover and metabolism
of polychlorinated biphenyls in relation
to their chemical structure and the movement
of lipids In the pigeon. Can J Physiol
Pharmacal 52:1081-1094
27. Mitjavila
5, Carrera G and Fernandez Y (1981) Il.
Evaluation of the toxic risk of accumulated
DOT in the rat: During fat mobilization.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol
10:471-481
28. Seba
DB (1990) Thermal chamber depuration: A
perspective on man in the sauna. Clinical
Ecology 7:1 -12
29. Henderson
OL and Wilson BK (1973) Excretion of methadone
and metabolites in human sweat. Res Comm
Chem Path & Pharmac 5:1-8
30. Vree
TB, Muskens ATJM, and Van Possum JM (1972)
Excretion of amphetamines in human sweat.
Arch Int Pharmacodyn 199:311-317
31. Ishlyama
I, Nagai T, Nagal T, Komuro E, Momose T
and Akimori N (1979) The significance of
drug analysis of sweat in respect to rapid
screening for drug abuse. Z Rechtsmed
82:251-256
32. Sunderman
Jr. FW, Hohnadel DC, Evenson MA, Wannamaker
BB and DahI DS (1974) Excretion of copper
in sweat of patients with Wilson's disease
during sauna bathing. Ann Clinic Lab
Sci 4:407
33. Stopford
W (1979) Industrial exposure to mercury.
In: The biogeochemistry of mercury in
the environment, Elsevier/North-Holland
Biomedical Press, pp 367-397
34. Hohnadel
DC, Sunderman FW, Nechay MW and McNeely
MD (1973) Atomic absorption spectrometry
of nickel, copper, zinc, and lead in sweat
collected from healthy subjects during sauna
bathing. Clinical Chemistry 19:1288-1292
35. Abe T,
Mayuzumi J, Kikuchi, Arai S (1980) Seasonal
variations In skin temperature, skin pH,
evaporative water loss and skin surface
lipid values on human skin. Chem Pharm
Bull 28:387-392
36. Kimbrough
RD (1974) The toxicity of polychlorinated
polycyclic compounds and related chemicals.
CRC Critical Rev Toxicol 2:445-499
37. Kimbrough
RD (1980) Occupational exposure. In: Halogenated
biphenvls. terphenyls, naphthalenes. dibenzodioxins
and related products, Kimbrough RD,
ed., Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press,
Amsterdam, pp 373-399
38. Tretjak
Z, Shields M and Beckmann SL (1990) PCB
reduction and clinical improvement by detoxification:
An unexploited approach? Human and Experimental
Toxicology 9:235-244
39. Carlson
LA (1970) Nicotinic acid: its metabolism
and its effects on plasma free fatty acids.
In: Metabolic Effects of Nicotinic Acid
and Its Derivatives, Gey KF and Carl-son
LA, eds., Hans Huber, Switzerland, pp 157-165
40. Carlson
LA, Oro L and Ostman J (1968) Effect of
a single dose of nicotinic acid on plasma
lipids In patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.
Acta med scand 183:457-465
41. Nye ER
and Buchanon B (1969) Short-term effect
of nicotinic acid on plasma level and turnover
of free fatty acids in sheep and man. J
Lipid Research 10:193-196
42. Smith
RL (1973) Implications of Biliary Excretion
(Chapter 8), In: The Excretory Function
of Bile, Chapman and Hail, Ltd., London
43. Parker
RJ, Hirom PC and Miliburn P (1980) Enterohepatlc
recycling of phenolphthalein,, morphine,
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and diphenylacetic
acid In the rat. Hydrolysis of glucuronic
acid conjugates in the gut lumen. Xenobiotica
10:689-703
44. Moore
RB, Anderson JT, Taylor HL, Keys A and Frantz
ID (1968) Effect of dietary fat on the fecal
excretion of cholesterol and its degradation
products in man. J Clinical investigation
47:1517-1534
45. Shepherd
J, Stewart JM, Clark JG and Carr K (1980)
Sequential changes In plasma lipoproteins
and body fat composition during polyunsaturated
fat feeding in man. Br J Nutr 44:265-271
46. Bonjour
JP (1980) Vitamins and Alcoholism. Internat
J Vit Nutr Res 50:215-230;307-338 51:166-177
47. Russell
AM (1980) Vitamin A and zinc metabolism
in alcoholism. Am J Clin Nut33:2741-2749
48. Roe,
DA (1984) Nutrient and drug interactions
Nutrition RevIews 42:141 -154
49. Innami
S, Nakamura A, Miyazaki M, Nagayarna S and
Nishide E (1977) Further studies on the
reduction of vitamin A content in the livers
of rats given polychlorinated biphenyls.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 22:409-418
50 Kato N,
Kato M, Kirnura T and Yoshida A (1978) Effect
of dietary addition of PCB, DDT or HGT and
dietary protein on vitamin A and cholesterol
metabolism. Nutr Rep Int 18:437-445
51. BrIn
M and Roe 0 (1979) Drug-diet Interactions.
J FIorida M A 66:424-428
52. Schnare
DW, Denk G, Shields M and Brunton S (1982)
Evaluation of a detoxification regimen for
fat stored xenobiotics. Med Hyp 9:265-282
53. Schnare
DW and Robinson PC (1986) Reduction of human
body burdens of hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated
biphenyls. In Hexachlorobenzene: Proceedings
of an International Symposium, CR Morris
and JRP Cabral, eds., International Agency
for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp
597-603
54. Roehm
D (1983) Effects of a program of sauna baths
and megavitamins on adipose DDE and POBs
and on clearing of symptoms of Agent Orange
(dioxin) toxicity. Clin Res 31(2):243a
55. Schnare
DW, Ben M and Shields MG (1984) Body burden
reductions of PCBs, PBBs and chlorinated
pesticides In human subjects. Ambio.
13:378-380
56. Wolff
MS, Anderson HA and Selikoff IJ (1982) Human
tissue burdens of halogenated aromatic chemicals
in Michigan. JAMA247:2112-2116
57, Tretjak
Z. Beckmann S, Tretjak A and Gunnerson C
(1989) Occupational, environmental, and
public health in Semic: A case study of
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution.
In Post-Audits Projects of Environmental
Programs, C Gunnerson, ed., ASCE, New
York, NY, pp 57-72
58. Tretjak
7, Root DE, Tretjak A, Slivnik R, Edmorndson
E, Graves R and Beckmann SL (1990) Xenobiotic
reduction and clinical improvements in capacitor
workers: A feasible method. J Env Sci
and HealthA25:731-751
59. Root
DE and Lionelli GT (1987) Excretion of a
lipophilic toxicant through the sebaceous
glands: A case report. J Toxicol - Cut
& Ocular Toxicol 6:13-17
60. Kilburn
KH, Warsaw RH and Shields MG (1989) Neurobehavioral
dysfunction in firemen exposed to polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs): Possible Improvement after
detoxification. Arch Env Health 44:345-350
61. Shields
M, Beckmann SL and Cassidy-Brinn G (1989)
Improvement In perception of transcutaneous
nerve stimulation following detoxification
In firefighters exposed to PCBs, PCDDs and
PCDFs. Clinical Ecology 6:47-50
62. Root
DE. Katzin OB. Schnare DW (1985) Diagnosis
and treatment of patients presenting subclinical
signs and symptoms of exposure to chemicals
which bioaccumulate in human tissue. In:
Proceedings of the National Conference
on Hazardous Wastes and Environmental Emergencies,
May 14-16
